Objective To evaluate the effects of integrated cockroach control in supermarket. Methods Three supermarkets, two as experimental sites and one as control, were selected for test. Integrated control measures, which comprised environmental improvement assisted by chemical control, were taken in the experimental sites. The control effects were evaluated with relative density decrease rate as the indicator. Results All the cockroaches captured in the supermarkets were Blattella germanica. Cockroaches were mainly distributed in the fresh food section, cooked food section, storehouse, bakery, food section, vegetable and fruit section, etc., while the cockroach density in the grocery section was relatively low. The cockroach densities in the two experimental sites decreased by 89.96% and 81.38% three days after integrated control measures, by 93.89% and 90.21% three weeks after the measures, and by 95.05% and 89.27% two months after the measures. Conclusion Cockroaches invade the supermarkets seriously, with B. germanica as the dominant species. Integrated control measures can be used to quickly and effectively decrease the cockroach density in supermarket, and the control effects were durable.

Objective To understand the infestation and population distribution of cockroaches in supermarkets in Nanjing city, providing scientific basis for the control of cockroaches in supermarkets. Methods Four large supermarkets located in different positions in Nanjing city were selected and sticky trap method was applied to determine the encroachment rate and the density of cockroaches. The cockroach species were identified with the number counted and the encroachment rate and the density of cockroaches calculated. Results A total of 8894 cockroaches, all of which were Blattella germanica, were captured. It was found that the infestation of cockroaches in the supermarkets was serious with the encroachment rate amounting to 72.64% and the density being 16.78 per piece. Cockroaches were mainly distributed in storehouse, fresh section,deli section, produce section, food section and bakery of the supermarkets, where there were food and water. But relatively light infestation was seen in the department sections. Conclusion B. germanica has become the dominant species in the supermarkets, where infestation of cockroaches is serious, especially in the areas that are rich in food and water. Comprehensive control measures should be taken to effectively reduce the encroachment rate and the density of cockroaches.

Objective To determine the current resistance of adult Culex pipiens pallens to commonly used pesticides in Jiangsu province, providing the evidence for better mosquito control. Methods The exposure tube method recommended by WHO was applied to measure the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) for adult mosquitoes. Results The LC₅₀ for field-collected adult mosquitoes in Nanjing, Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Wuxi, Nantong and Huai’an were 0.0173%, 0.0756%, 0.0487%, 0.0070%, 0.0055% and 0.0150% to deltamethrin respectively, and 0.2128%, 0.2711%, 0.1130%, 0.1579%, 0.0504% and 0.0734% to permethrin, respectively. The LC₅₀ to betacypermethrin for field populations in Nanjing, Xuzhou, Lianyungang, Wuxi, Nantong, Huai’an and Suzhou were 0.0224%, 0.0420%, 0.0843%, 0.0023%, 0.0114%, 0.0180% and 0.0108% respectively. The LC₅₀ for Nanjing population to dichlorovos and propoxur were 0.0119% and 0.0129%, while the values for Nantong population to dichlorovos and propoxur were 0.0046% and 0.0077%, respectively. All of tested mosquitoes were intermediately to highly resistant to deltamethrin, with resistance coefficients greater than 100 times in Xuzhou and Lianyungang; lowly to highly resistant to betacypermethrin, with the resistance coefficient up to 94.7 times in Lianyungang in contrast to 2.6 times in Wuxi; and lowly to intermediately resistant to permethrin, with resistance ratios ranging from 11 to 15 times in Nanjing and Xuzhou, and 2.8 times in Nantong. Nanjing population were lowly resistant to propoxur (2.8 times) and sensitive to dichlorovos, while Nantong strains were susceptible to both propoxur and dichlorovos. Conclusion For adult mosquito control in Jiangsu province, the application of deltamethrin and betacypermethrin should be reduced along with increased administration of carbamates, such as propoxur, and organophosphorus pesticides such as dichlorovos. The findings here address consideration and integrated planning to chemical adult mosquito control for delaying or reducing the occurrence and development of pesticid resistance.

Objective To determine the correlation between the occurrence of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and meteorological factors.  Methods Photocatalytic light traps were used to collect mosquitoes in Nanjing suburbs from August in 2006 to December in 2007. Multivariant stepwise regression was conducted using SPSS 16.0 with mosquito density (Y1), female mosquito density (Y2) as the dependent variables and synchronous meteorological factors, including mean temperature (X1), maximum temperature (X2), minimum temperature (X3), precipitation (X4), mean air pressure (X5), mean relative humidity (X6), mean wind velocity (X7) and sunshine hours (X8), as the independent variables.  Results Cx. tritaeniorhynchus accounted for over 90% in Nanjing suburbs, and female mosquitoes 95%. High density (＞60 individuals per hour) was observed in the period from June to October. Significant linear correlation was present between X3 and the changing trend in mosquito densities, despite insignificant regression link. Most meterological factors were significantly nonlinear correlated with the density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. Favorable  results  were  obtained  via  the  following  regression  equations: Y1＝10∧［18.645 Lg（X1＋1）－21.403 Lg（X2＋1）－0.930 X7＋0.104 X8＋2.470］－1，Y2＝10∧［19.051 Lg （X1＋1）－21.994 Lg （X2＋1）－0.945 X7＋0.106 X8＋8.675］－1，R2＞0.8.  Conclusion The occurrence of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus could be forecasted based on the concurrent meteorological factors. This prediction method could be applied to other vectors and relevant diseases.

【Abstract】 Objective To   understand   the   relationship   between   the   activities   of   glutathione   S-transferase   and acetylcholinesterase of Blattella germanica and its resistance, and then provide scientific evidence for the establishment of resistance detection by biochemistry. Methods The insecticide film was used to identify the resistance of German cockroach to four kinds of insecticides. The enzyme activity was tested by spectrophotometry. Results The resistance ratio of B. germanica to four insecticides was 1.08, 2.35, 7.47, 10.92, respectively. GSTs activity of resistant strain was much higher than that of susceptibility strain, and the difference was very significant. AChE activity of resistant strain was lower than that of susceptibility strain, and the difference was significant. Conclusion B. germanica had high resistance to beta?cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and low resistance to DDVP and propoxur. The increase of GSTs activity could speed up the metabolism of pesticides, leading to the decrease of B. germanica susceptibility. AChE as an orgnaophosphorus and carbamate insecticides target enzyme,  the decrease of the activity led to the decline of B. germanica susceptibility. The results indicated that the changes of enzyme activity had the close relationship with the development of resistance.

【Abstract】 Cockroaches are the important vectors. The aim of our paper is to understand the biology and ecology of cockroaches, and analyze the present situation of the damage of cockroaches in China. The investigation finds that the invasive species Blattella germanica has become the dominant species and its damage was increasing in urban in China. A brief review is given on the development of the equipments and methods, their advantages and limitations in the control of cockroaches. Cockroaches also play an important role in the infection and allergy. The research and control of cockroaches in China started one century ago and cockroaches control was a long?term and arduous work as facing the challenge of pesticide resistance and pesticide pollution on environment.  It suggests that it should put the emphasis on environment improvement and chemical control to control cockroach, adding law and regulation control, pesticide control, biological control and genetic control, especially the rotational use of control equipment.

Objective To analysis annual dynamics of vectors such as rats,mosquitoes,flies and cockroaches in Jiangsu province from 2002-2007 by studying the regularly monitoring data of vectors in Wuxi city,Nanjing city and Xuzhou city.Methods The night trapping and cockroach paste methods were used for the monitor of rats and cockroaches density.The men-hour and cage-trapping methods were conducted to monitor the density of mosquitoes and flies from April to November,respectively.Results Annual density dynamic of mosquitoes,flies and cockroaches was single-peak curve from 2002 to 2007 and the peak appeared in 2005 or 2006.The density of rats decreased year after year and the constituted ratio of the dominant mosquito Culex pipiens pallens tended to reduce.The constituted ratio of Aedes( Stegomyia) albopictus and Rattus norvegicus( Berkenhout) increased yearly and reached about 10% and 25% respectively in 2007. Blattella germanica(Linnaeus) was the dominant species and its constituted ratio reached 97% in 2007.According to the analysis data monthly of vectors from 2002 to 2007,the density of mosquito had two peaks,and the peak time was in July and September.The flies density had only one peak from June to September,which mainly centralized in September.The peak of cockroach density was from August to September.That of rat fluctuated greatly every month and its peak time was in March and August.Conclusion The risk of vector-borne disease might be worse than before because of the change of vector population and its structure. It should strengthen monitoring and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in Jiangsu province.

Objective To study the effect of integrated control aimed at mosquito larvae in the urban environment. Methods The health education to the urban residents and treatment of mosquito breeding sites were conducted in the test zone of Nanjing city. The densities of Culex and Aedes mosquitoes were monitored by light traps and ovitraps. Results The population related index(PRI) of Culex and Aedes mosquitoes were 0.123 and 0.132 respectively, and decreased by 87.7% and 86.8% respectively. The mean of mosquito population was 1.2 for one lamp and the decreased rate of positive breeding sites was 95.5%. Conclusion There is good effect in the urban integrated control aimed at mosquito larvae. It is valuable and practicable to adopt the strategy of the integrated mosquito control in the city. For example, health education is conducted to all people by government, their own mosquito breeding sites are cleared away by the urban residents themselves, the mosquito breeding sites in the public places are cleaned up and the larvicide is used in permanent breeding sites by pest control operators(PCO).

Objective To study annual dynamic of vectors,such as rats,mosquitoes,flies and cockroaches from 2002-2006 in Jiangsu province.Methods Night trapping,sticky card(case) trap were used for the survellence of rat and cockroaches from Jan.to Dec.,indoor-resting mosquito-adults and cage trap method were used for density monitoring of mosquitoes and flies respectively from Apr.to Dec..Topical application was used for pesticide resistance detection of Musca domestica Linnaeus and Blattella germanica(Linnaeus),dipping method or distinguishing dosage method for Culex pipiens pallens Caguillett for dichlorovos,permethrin,cypermethrin and deltamethrin respectively,prothrombin time(PT) were used for the pesticide resistance detection of Rattus norvegicus(Berkenhout) to warfarin.Results Density of mosquitoes,flies and cockroaches increased from 2002 to 2006,the highest of them was 15.20 individuals per hour in 2006, 25.12 individuals per cage in 2005,1.20 individuals per card(case) in 2006 respectively.Density of rats fluctuated,the lowest,0.60% occurred in 2006.Ratio of R.norvegicus(Berkenhout) increased yearly, B.germanica(Linnaeus) turned into one of the dominant species.Exotic species, Ophyra aenescens(Wiedeman) invaded, Cx.tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann emerged suddenly and numerously,dominant vector species developed resistance to some normal insecticides.Conclusion For effective vector control,the vector surveillance should be strengthened,to know the dynamic of local vector-population,to emphasize on vector control based on local vector dynamic and vector resistance.

Objective To investigate the resistance of Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes( Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex pipiens pallens) to four insecticides and know their insecticides resistance in Jiangsu province.Methods Distinguishing dosage method was used.Results ( C.tritaeniorhynchus) developed high resistance to DDVP,while susceptibility to cypermethrin,in Zhenjiang,Nanjing and Huai'an; C.pipiens pallens developed moderate resistance to DDVP,and susceptibility to cypermethrin,in Zhenjiang and Suzhou,while moderate resistance to cypermethrin in Lianyungang.There was a great difference of resistance to some insecticides such as permethrin for two kinds of vector mosquitoes in the same area.Conclusion The vector mosquitoes have developed obvious resistance to some insecticides,which were used for a long time.Cypermethrin could be applied for the control of Japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes in these areas.

Objective To investigate the community structure and dynamic of potential vector of West Nile Virus (WNV) Disease in Jiangsu Province. Methods Scoop dipping method for larvae,hand collection for indoorresting adults and humanbaited net trap method for outdoor adults were used in Suzhou,Zhenjiang and Lianyungang Cities in Jiangsu Province from April to November in 2004. Results 8 species of 5 genera were collected, Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett, Cx.tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Armigeres subalbatus (Coquillett) were the dominant taxa in suburb, Cx.pipiens pallens Coquillett was the dominant taxon in urban. The highest density of adults occured in September,the high density period was from June to October. The average density was 4.906 individuals per scoop in larvae,22.399 individuals per hour in adults (8.013 in Suzhou City,26.182 in Zhenjiang City,34.944 in Lianyungang City,and 25.757 in suburb,12.632 in urban,28.057 in outdoor). Conclusion The community structure and monthly dynamic of potential WNV vector in Jiangsu Province was preliminary known and further pathogeny evidence was needed.

Objective To determine the prothrombin time(PT) of warfarin susceptible Rattus norvegicus in Nanjing region.Methods PT was determined by ST art 4 analyser and the dieting test was used in the study of resistance.Results All of Rattus norvegicus died during the observing period.The mean lethal dose was 12.4 mg/kg and the mean PT value(expressing by INR) was 1.00.There was no significant difference between male and female rats(Pa0.05a).PT values of warfarin susceptible Rattus norvegicus in Nanjing region was 0.73 1.27.Conclusion It would simplify the process in the study of resistance of rats to formulate the PT value of warfarin susceptible or resistant Rattus norvegicus.

Objective:In order to study the resistances of commensal rodents to warfarin in four areas in Jiangsu Province.Methods:According to the test methods established of the sensibility and resistance of anticoagulants for rodents by the National surveillance group on rodents resistance.Result:The average lethal doses of R.norvegicus and R.flavipectus were 18.53 mg/kg and 133.55 mg/kg respectively,the average lethal-time of two sorts of commensal rodents were 5.7 days and 6.8 days.The individuals of norregicus and flavipectus with resistance to warfarin were 4 and 2 after the test.Conclusions:It was indicated that the resistances of anticoagulants to 2 sorts of commensal rodents were enhanced and there was a tendency that anticoagulants for rodents would get resistance.

From 1996 to 1999, we investigated species composition, distribution, wax and wane of ticks, isolated Lyme disease spirochetes, studied methods of ticks control and evaluated effects of control measures in Jiangsu province. We found that ticks distributed in south and north of Yangtse river. 5 species, 3 genera and 1 family had been known in all of the province.Ticks population varied in different seasons . They appeared in April,got top in May and June, slowly dropped down in August, and disappeared in October. 13 percent adult Haemaphysalis bispinosis containing spirochetes as determined by direct immunofluorescence assay, while no positive cultures were found in 4 000 live ticks samples during 1998-1999. Field spray of 0.5% chlorpyrifos and 0.045% high-effect-cypermethrin can kill ticks and be effective for 30 days.DEET was effective as a repellent against ticks.

This paper reported the killing effect of two insecticides for ticks control in mountain areas. About 100m ² mountain areas with high ticks density were selected as study areas as follows:treatment area with chlorpyrifos, treatment area with high-effect-cypermethrin and comparison area. Effects of control measures were evaluated before and after treatment both in treatment and comparison areas. We found that ticks could be killed in the treatment areas with 0.5% chlorpyrifos and 0.045% high-effect-cypermethrin and the effect can be lasted for more than 30 days. There was no significant difference between the effect of the two insecticides. The result showed that Chlorpyrifos and high-effect-cypermethrin can be used as effective insecticides for ticks control in mountain areas.

We investigated on species composition, distribution, wax and wane of Ixodoidea and Isolated from Lyme disease spirochetes in eight cities and counties of Jiangsu province. We found that Ixodes distributed in south and north of Yangtse river. 1 family 2 genera and 4 species had been known in this area. Ixodes population varied in vary seasons. They appeared in April, got top in May and June, slowly dropped down in August, and disappeared in October every years. No Lyme disease spirochetes had been isolated from Ixodes.